Asphalt It is natural by-product of distillation of crude petroleum. In fact it is a substance containing high percentage of bitumen and some inert mineral substances. Actually bitumen is the basic constituent of asphalt. Thus the main difference between bitumen and asphalt is as follows: When crude petroleum is fractionally distilled in refineries the product …
Modern concretes almost always possess additives, either in the mineral form or chemical form. Particularly, chemical admixtures such as water reducers and set controllers are invariably used to enhance the properties of freshand hardened concrete. A ‘Chemical Admixture’ is any chemical additive to the concrete mixture that enhances the properties of concrete in the fresh or hardened state. This does not include …
Approximate estimates The object of the exercise is to estimate the cost to the employer of their desired scheme. It usual to base the pricing of such estimates on historical cost date gleaned from the analyses of the costs of similar buildings adjusted to account for any fluctuations in price levels and for project idiosyncrasies. …
The Indian concrete paving equipment industry is undoubtedly a major beneficiary of the current spurt in infrastructure projects currently being witnessed in the country. Modern concrete paving machinery now readily available in the marketplace has gradually started replacing conventional manual system of paving (which was being deployed in India owing to non-availability of suitable equipment, …
Modern building envelopes do not `breathe` like their counterparts of the past. In the 1940s, it took 30 weeks and 2,400 hours of on-site labour to build a house. The average size for a new home was 800 square feet. Four decades later, construction time dropped to 8 weeks with only 800 on-site hours, while …
The drainage system of highway should fulfill the following requirements:1. The surface water from the carriage way and shoulders should be drained off effectively and as soon as possible without allowing it to percolate to the sub-grade. 2. The surface water from the adjoining land should not be allowed to enter the roadway. 3. The …
The water company will provide from their mains tapping plug cock a communication pipe to a stop valve and protection chamber just outside the boundary; this is a chargeable item to the building owner. The goose neck bend is included to relieve any stress likely to be exerted on the mains connection.A service pipe is …
The skill of preparing an abstract lies in the ability of the worker-up to arrangethe items abstracted from the dimension sheets in bill order. This may not seemtoo difficult a task to anyone who has not tried it, but when tender documents arebeing prepared in a rush against a tight deadline (which must be 99% …
The waterproofing should be made mandatory for all structures and should not an optional one. The approach to waterproofing problem must be conceptual and the selection of appropriate material and proper diagnosis of the problem and employing the right applicator for executing the job is equally important. waterproofing is as important as any other parameter involved in …
They are many advantage of painting. Paint preserves, protects and decorates surfaces and enables them to be easily, that is why iron and wood are always painted. Advantages of painting are as follows: